The New South Wales government announced this week that Sydney’s ‘third city’ will be named Bradfield, after the renowned engineer. create looks at the man responsible for some of the city’s most iconic infrastructure.
Bradfield was chosen for the city near the new Western Sydney International Airport after community consultation, and is a name that “conjures up so much about city building,” explained Premier Gladys Berejiklian.
John Bradfield’s career included, but is not limited to, leading engineering on the harbour city’s iconic bridge and its city railway network.
His vision is sometimes cited by politicians hoping to position their side as his heir. In a piece for the Daily Telegraph, federal MP for the seat of Bradfield Paul Fletcher cited the engineer’s “remarkably forward-looking” analysis in a 1917 paper predicting Sydney’s population would nearly triple by 1950 to more than 2.2 million. This was used in Bradfield’s day as an argument for suburban electrified trains as a way to open up new land for development.
“At the time this seemed extraordinary; in fact Bradfield was not far wrong … with Sydney’s population approaching 5 million, we can recognise his wisdom,” Fletcher wrote in 2014.
Admirers of Bradfield cite how well his projects have held up over many decades as evidence of his success.
Harbour crossing
Born in Queensland, Bradfield finished high school as dux of Ipswich Grammar. He began his engineering studies at the University of Sydney, completing his degree in 1889 with a University Gold Medal. He then moved to Brisbane to work as a railway draftsman, moved back to Sydney after being retrenched, and started at the NSW Department of Public Works in 1893.
He continued academic advancement as he helped advance the city, eventually earning the first doctorate of science in engineering at the University of Sydney in 1924 with a dissertation on The city and suburban electric railways and the Sydney Harbour Bridge.
But a bridge linking the south and north of Sydney had fascinated him long before that, with his biography noting a 1903 address he made as President of Sydney University’s Engineering Society (which he founded) on a competition to design a bridge crossing the harbour.
He would continue making the case for the bridge, including to a NSW Parliamentary Joint Standing Committee on Public Works in 1912.
It was a different era, and Bradfield’s ‘community engagement’ was a little different to the way it would be approached today.
“He didn’t have a Facebook or Twitter account or television or really radio, even,” Bill Phippen FIEAust, a member of Engineers Australia’s Heritage Committee in Sydney and the author of Muscle of Man and Horse: Building the Railway under Sydney 1916–32, told create.
“He sort of sold the project to the population so that they demanded that the government build it. It wasn’t just a matter of, ‘well, you know, I’m the engineer. I’ll turn up for work and design a railway or design a bridge if I’m paid to’.”
The Australian Dictionary of Biography entry for the civil engineer, which notes his humour, pragmatism and occasional grandiosity, explains: “Bradfield maintained — apparently without reprimand from government — an extraordinary barrage of articles and public addresses advocating his plan.”
Bradfield originally proposed a cantilever bridge, but later adopted an arch design. He drew inspiration from Hell Gate Bridge, a 310-metre arch in New York City.
In 1916, a bill to support construction of the bridge passed the NSW lower but not upper house, due to scarce funding in wartime. The Sydney Harbour Bridge Act passed in 1922, with construction running from 1925 to 1932. Bradfield retired the year after it opened, job done after roughly three decades of pursuit.
A legacy of excellence
During his time at the Department of Public Works, Bradfield’s projects included the Cataract and Burrinjuck dams.
After his nominal retirement, he moved back to Queensland. He formed a consultancy and in 1934 he worked on the engineering design, fabrication and construction of Brisbane’s Story Bridge.
An example of his influence late into his career is recalled in Engineers Australia’s centenary book, Anything is Possible: 100 Australian Engineering Leaders.
The Hawkesbury River railway bridge was failing, and in 1939 Bradfield was invited to investigate, exploring a shaft mined into the rotted concrete.
“Such was the respect in which he was held, his immediate report to the Government resulted, only three days later, in the decision to replace the whole bridge,” the book reads.
Bradfield also spent his later years investigating and promoting a plan to pump floodwaters from northern Queensland coastal rivers inland to boost agriculture in drought-prone areas, using dams, pumps and pipes — known as the Bradfield Scheme.
Phippen describes Bradfield’s career as diverse, including contributions to the committee choosing the site for Australia’s new capital, re-arrangement of the city street system to better accommodate road traffic, the formation of Engineers Australia in 1919, and a holistic design of Sydney’s public transport system.
“[This] included the total city — railways to all the then populated areas — and also the design of the carriages, the stations, the pedestrian access to the stations,” Phippen explained.
“The plans are more than lines on a map, as they include details such as the number of trains per hour on each sector, and thus a coherent model of how it might have worked.”
Bruce Howard HonFIEAust, the immediate Past President of Engineers Australia’s Sydney Division and Chair of the Sydney Australian Engineering Excellence Awards Committee, told create that Bradfield epitomises the words in Engineers Australia’s vision: to advance the science and practice of engineering for the benefit of the community.
“The fact that the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the city rail network have coped with phenomenal growth over all the decades since the mid-30s and are now only reaching capacity — that’s really due to his design foresight,” Howard added.
As a fellow, albeit less distinguished, graduate in civil engineering from Bradfield’s alma mater, the University of Sydney, and having spent a deal of my career trying to add onto his transport legacy, I do genuflect before the cabinet of his regalia and memorabilia in the Civil Engineering Board room. But magnificent though Dr JJC Bradfield’s achievements and legacy in transport infrastructure in the Eastern Harbour City are, he had little to do with aviation and not much to do with the Western Parkland City– the Bradfield who did was his son Dr Bill Bradfield. And JJC already deservedly has, amongst many other tributes, honours and naming legacies, a Federal electorate and a suburb named after him – Bradfield Park – since “gentrified” into West Lindfield, probably because it was in the 1950’s the site of a migrant camp! It is a great pity that the opportunity to spread such naming honours around, and specifically to NSW pioneers and inventors in aviation has not been taken up.
Of course, the airport itself has been named for Nancy Bird – Walton. So perhaps the name of Aerotropolis should continue in this vein. Women have a bigger connection to early aviation and technology in NSW than they are usually given credit for. For example, on December 5, 1909, Florence Taylor, the first Australian woman to qualify as an engineer and country’s first female architect, became the first woman to fly a heavier-than-air machine in Australia, flying a glider from the Narrabeen sandhills near Sydney. She also “put forward many ambitious schemes for the city of Sydney that were dismissed as outlandish but have since come to fruition, such as the construction of a tunnel beneath Sydney Harbour.” So maybe the Florence Taylor Aerotropolis?
Or perhaps something that is an indigenous connection?. Although it’s harder to find an indigenous connection to aviation and technology unless the boomerang is considered, which name is derived from the language of the Dharug people of the Cumberland Plain in which the Aerotropolis is located. And David Unaipon, a Ngarrindjeri man made pre World War I drawings for a helicopter design based on the principle of the boomerang.
The city of Boomerang? Why not? What could be more innovative and truly Australian?